Physical and mental health states are very dependent on social factors, particularly trauma associated with adverse childhood experiences; these same influences underlie much of the behaviour that becomes classified as criminal. Many health issues which should be dealt with by the public health system instead become mired in the criminal justice system, worsening and perpetuating iniquitous cycles and health outcomes. These issues are strongly influenced by gender, class, ethnicity and socioeconomic circumstance, and result in major inequities in distribution of ill-health, access to appropriate health care, involvement with criminal justice and capacity to join as economically productive members of society. Partnerships and collaborations between the law enforcement sector and the public health sector, and joint leadership, can help to redress inequities and promote healthy, secure and safe communities. Supported by vision from governments this can result in optimum and sustainable community safety and well-being, and overall health security.